The Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs In Sports Essays

The Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs In Sports Steven Egg English Composition 100 Dr. Fergal ODoherty November A Causal Analysis: The Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports Is the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports dangerous? To what degree do these drugs really enhance strength, size, training ability, and muscular performance? Not only are the answers to these questions still unclear, they are the subjects of deep controversy. In order to understand why we are confronted with the problem of performance-enhancing drug use in athletics today, we must look at the history of the development of anabolic steroids: a group of powerful synthetic chemical compounds that resemble the natural male sex hormones (Schwarzenneger 722). Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930s as a therapeutic drug to treat growth hormone replacement in deficient children, menopausal symptoms, impotence, and the retardation of the effects of aging by stimulating the rate of synthesis of protein molecules (Biology 121 Web Project 1). These steroids are a simulated testosterone hormone of the steroid hormone group. The steroid hormones (which are also produced naturally) are synthesized from cholesterol. Most simply understood, the hormones function by passing from the blood stream into individual cells where they bind to a receptor and activate certain genes that cause the production of a protein, especially muscle proteins (et. al.). By the late 1940s, bodybuilders had discovered the effects of testosterone as a means to stimulate muscle growth and to make themselves train with more intensity and aggression (Schwarzenneger 723). In 1953, the first truly synthetic anabolic steroid was developed, having a strength-building effect three to five times higher than testosterone. From bodybuilders to other athletes, steroid use quickly gained popularity as the number of people who used them continued to rise (Biology 121 Web Project 1). In the 1960 Olympic games, the International Olympic Committee, for the first time, detected a case of steroid use-a Russian cyclist collapsed and died after using steriods (Meoreira de Araujo 1). At the 1972 Olympic games, a large number of athletes from a variety of sports were interviewed about their drug use and a total of 68 percent admitted to using anabolic steroids (Schwarzenneger 723). Throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, additional forms of anabolic steroids were developed d espite a number of scientific studies being conducted on the effectiveness and dangers of their use (et. al.). Today, it is common knowledge that steroids cause some bodily harm. However, not everyone is familiar with the extent of the possible side effects. Listed below are several examples: (Meoreira de Araujo 5). ? Altered liver function caused by the stress placed on the liver while trying to remove steroids from the blood. ? Jaundice, peliosis hepatitis, hemorrhaging, and liver cancer are possible with prolonged use. ? Alteration of cardiovascular function: Effects include changes in the clotting of blood, atherosclerosis, and higher levels of cholesterol. ? Reduction of natural testosterone production. ? Increase of male sexual characteristics in females, such as, increased body hair, atrophied breasts, and deepening of the voice. ? Gastrointestinal disorders, including loss of appetite, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating. ? Muscle cramps ? Aggression ? Headaches and nosebleeds ? Gynecomastia (development of breastlike tissue in males). ? Increased susceptibility to tendon injuries. Now that the history and effects of steroid use have been explained, I believe the following to be the causes of steroid use: 1. Fear of the competition. 2. Physical appearance. Dr. James E. Wright, a noted authority on the subject of steroid use in athletics, states more than 90 percent of athletes in strength-related sports are using these drugs today. And, according to Arnold Schwarzenneger, the main reason athletes take them is because they know their competition is taking them and they dont want to give away an advantage. (723). Many beginner and intermediate bodybuilders, for example, who hear that the champions are using steroids, believe that they too can make enormous gains by taking these drugs. Studies done, however, on the effect of steroids do not bear this out (et. al.). Steroids have their greatest effect on size and strength only when the athlete has plateaued-that is, made about as much gain as possible without the use of drugs. Trained individuals respond to steroids much better than untrained ones. Gains are also maximized if training very hard during the period of

Leith Hamilton in Domino Movie

Leith Hamilton in Domino Movie The paper is an examination of the movie Domino produced by Slva Basmajian and Shanti Thakur in 1995. The movie generally makes the viewers understand the stories about six individuals who are from different racial origins.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leith Hamilton in Domino Movie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It explores the major issues of identity, cultural isolation as well as searching for community. Despite the fact that there is one major ‘race’, the individuals from interracial origin seem to undergo a number of serious experiences as they are categorized, bringing a challenge to them while trying to embrace the cultures of their parents. In the video Domino, the theme comes out clearly through the personal accounts of the actors. Each among them Hamilton recount the manner with which their identity was affected by what their parents went through, politics within the family as well as hie rarchies issues relating to race, gender as well as social class. Social structures are patterned social arrangements that form a society which differently determines the kinds of actions persons take within a socialized setting. One major social structure that dictated the situation in which Hamilton was in while he was a child was the family social economic status. It is worth noting that such social stratification played a major role on how he was interacting with others. Hamilton in most cases had a rough time interacting with children of pure Chinese or black decent only because he was interracial. Being from a mixed racial origin, this factor was used to classify his family. It was only those individuals that were deemed ‘pure’ to hold the upper social class hence a stronger economic status (Video Domino). Additionally, it is worth noting that being of a Chinese and an African decent he was often in pain of deciding what culture to follow while carrying on with hi s day to day activities. There are instances that he felt like taking an action driven by cultures and norms from the Chinese background. Similarly his skin colour played a major part in his life especially during interaction with others. He was neither black nor Chinese and this worked against his abilities to easily interact with other children without being prejudiced.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More importantly, family dynamism as well as religion shaped the social life of Hamilton in terms of who he was able to interact with. Hamilton noted that there are a number of children who will adopt one racial background over the other despite the fact that they are interracial and work hard to be strong with regards to such a racial background. However whatever it is done in the outside nothing happens inside such individuals. Although am not from an interracial backg round, I happened to have a close friend while I was in elementary school whom parents were of Korea and Africa origin. Being her close friend I noted with concern the sad experiences she was going through. Some students used to scold her based on her racial background. There were incidences where she was not allowed to play with other students; this made her sad. As her friend I played a bigger role in making others stop to a certain degree from scolding her. She used to confide to me how she was being torn between following her mother’s or father’s norms and beliefs. From the review of the film Domino it has been established that individual from interracial background undergo painful and mixed experiences. A social structure dictates realms of individual possibilities. Work Cited Domino: Interracial People and the Search for Identity. Dir. Shanti Thakur. Prod. Slva Basmajian and Shanti Thakur. DVD. Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1995.

Sigmund Freud Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sigmund Freud - Research Paper Example The basis of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was that everything was deterministic. Many of the fields of psychology did not exist yet, meaning that the psychology of that period was highly related to the biology and physiology which was studied. He postulated the existence of sexual energy, eros, and the death instinct, thanatos. He was the first to come up with the theories of personality: the id, ego, and superego. Freud also pioneered in the fields of neuroticism in that our ego tries to compromise with the anxiety caused by the incongruence’s in life. He termed these actions reaction mechanisms such as displacement and repression. He also came up with the ideas behind dream therapy in that dreams were the â€Å"royal road to the unconscious†. This was also explained by the â€Å"Iceberg principle† in that a majority of the human consciousness, preconsciousness, and unconsciousness remains submerged and is many times inaccessible. He further continued to add to the new field of psychology by focusing on what he called his stages of psychosexual development which consisted of the: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. It was from these phases and being able to overcome these phases that personality develops (Corey 68-87).

International Marketing Beverage Industry Case Study

International Marketing Beverage Industry - Case Study Example The competitive market in Australia is also change very fast with most international companies now trading in the country. This has affected the segmentation of the market and fierce competition is being witnessed currently. With the change completion in the market, most companies have been coming up with new juice product in order to suit the consumer preferences. Tao Ti has been a product that has been doing well in the Hong Kong market. However it is in the class of mixed juices which has been facing a stagnated growth in the Australian market. In order to introduce the product in the Hong Kong market, there have to be strategic approach to the market. To venture into the market there will be need to carry out marketing strategies to introduce the product in the competitive market. The entry strategy will determine how the product will perform. The market strategies will need to have a direct entry in the market rather than merging with other companies. It will also need to have a retail distribution chain to be close to customers and as per the trend in the market. The marketing strategies will also need to brand the product to identify with the health concerns of the customers. This means that it will have to pack the product in a new attractive package which will appeal to the consumer. The price of the product must be adapted to the local market. Price can be set lower than for other products in order to create price competitive edge. There will also be a number of promotions to accustom the product to the market. The marketing strategies will also be revised from time to time to access its effectiveness. Introduction This paper will discuss on the introduction of Telford International Co. Ltd Tao Ti Mandarin Lemon from Hong Kong to the Australian market. The paper will fist look at the Australian market and various marketing issue in the beverage industry. It will then at the various international factors that can affect the introduction of the new product. The paper will then discuss the marketing strategy that can be used in order to help the product to venture into the market. It will look at various components of the marketing strategies and how they will be used. Description of the product Tao Ti Mandarin Lemon is a product produced by Telford International Co. Ltd. It is a beverage product which has been retailing in the Hong Kong market for along time now. It is not produced by the company but rather it is a blend of various beverages that the company imports. It has been rated fourth in the Hong Kong market which means it has a large market share in the bevergage category. The product is packages in attractive packages and is sold on the point of its attractiveness to the consumers based on branding and also on the quality of the product. The product has been doing well in the market but introducing it in the Australian market may be a bit tricky since it is in the class of mixed juice which is not doing very well in the market. Therefore there has to be product adjustment to be made to introduce it in the market. (GMID, 2008b, p. 7; GMID, 2008c, p. 2) Environmental analysis Fruit/vegetable juice industry in Austria has been recording poor growth. In 2007, the industry recorded 1% growth. This has been contributed by many factors in the consumers. The consumers have started rejecting nectars in favour of pure juices. This has been the main

Global Assessment of Haiti Part 2 Research Paper

Global Assessment of Haiti Part 2 - Research Paper Example Pneumonia and Influenza are the major diseases that cause a lot of deaths of the Haitian population (World Fact book, 2013). The country is vulnerable to environmental impacts like harsh climatic changes and stressors of the environment like hurricanes and earthquakes. The country has presidential system and the national assembly is bestowed with law making processes. Use of voodoo doctrines is part and parcel of the Haitian population and the whole population is strong believers of the Roman Catholic. Lack of proper planning possesses a lot of challenge to the health sector of this country; because of the poor organization, most of the health care management is conducted by NGOs like Cuban Brigade and other bodies like MSF. Because of the natural calamities like earthquakes, the free medical services offered by the government had to stop because the government became bank craft and could no longer provide for the needs of the population. The old generation and the youngsters are the most susceptible members of the society based on outbreak of diseases like cholera. The case of cholera has been epidemic due to the poor hygiene and sanitation in the country. The vivid impact of the health issues is death among the vulnerable population. Due to the escalation of the health standards in the country, many international bodies have decided to offer a helping hand and some of such bodies are Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and Partners in Health Organizations (PIH). These international bodies have embarked on vaccination programs against cholera to reduce its escalating effects. Another international body that has played a major role is UNICEF. This body has been engaged in vaccination programs to reduce the spread of cholera and other water-borne diseases. Haiti health concern with millennium development goals Some of the goals of the millennium development are eradication of extreme poverty rate and hunger, reduction of mortality rate among children below t he age of five years, improvement of maternal health care, and combating HIV/AIDS and malaria diseases (Adam et al., 2006). Based on the findings of Haiti case, nearly all the millennium goals have not been met. Haitian population still suffers from poverty since most of them live below the poverty line and this therefore, means that the first goal of eradication of poverty by millennium development has not been achieved. The second goal is reduction of mortality rate among children below the age of five years and this goal has equally not been achieved because the most vulnerable people in the Haitian population are the children below the age of five years. The country can be said to be far away from achieving the millennium goals because of their poor health organization and failure to eradicate water-borne disease like cholera. For the country to attain these goals then a lot of changes should be done on the health sector. The government should be able to contain the health situa tion and it should be able to give provisions to basic medical requirements and also cleaning drinking water for the citizens. Without these changes then the country will still be far away from achieving the highlighted goals. Three levels of prevention Levels of prevention can be broadly classified into three categories: primary, secondary, and

Marketing, Communications and Fundraising of NGO

Marketing, Communications and Fundraising of NGO Chikondi Mbewe Introduction Urban Promise Wilmington is a Christian organization focusing on serving at-risk children and youths in Delaware State. It was founded in 1998 by Rob Prestowitz. The vision of the organization came into existence when the founder volunteered in Camden. The city of Wilmington is still known as one of the most unsafe cities in America due to violence and drug abuse. The violence and drug abuse does not only affect the communities but also in the lives of young people who have a future. Urban Promise is raising a generation of hope of Christian leaders on the East side of Wilmington where there are shootings going on observed Miller, (dalawareonline.com Sunday News Journal A17, 2010). In 1999, the organization started running afterschool program, targeting elementary children at St Joseph Catholic Church. From 2001, the organization extended its program to some three new sites: Camp Promise, Camp Freedom, Camp Hope, and own an elementary school. Other two middle school Camps were also o pened to reach out at-risk youths. In 2010, the organization embarked on another big project of opening urban Promise Academy high school. The Mission Statement The mission of Urban Promise is to equip children and young adults with the skills necessary for spiritual growth, academic achievement, life management and Christiana leadership. The vision is to be a community in Christ of transformational and servant leadership, seeking a full life for all involved, urban youths and families, volunteers and staff in the neighborhood our city Wilmington. Market Mix Marketing mix refers to a unique blend of product, place (distribution), promotion, and pricing strategies designed to produce mutually satisfying exchanges with a target market (Lamb, 2009 p.47). Product, place, promotion and price are the major elements that determine the market. How does the product affect the market or the needs of the customers? Product Products refer to tangible goods, series, places, and ideas which customers buy, lease, rent, or use to meet their needs and wants (Wood, 2011 p. 97). Any company or nonprofit organization before it goes on the market, there are a number of questions needs to be answered. What are we really selling? What are the features of our product or services? What are the benefits of our products or services to the customers? Who is our target audience primary, secondary or tertiary? As an organization, answering such questions can help to be focused on what it wants to deliver to the customer needs with quality and satisfaction. Urban Promise Wilmington does not produce tangible goods but rather services As such our services are programs that we offer such as Afterschool program in six sites, Urban Promise Elementary school program, Urban Promise High school Academy, Summer Camp, Trekkers Program, Street Leader job Training program, and Intern Program. The features of our services are the quality of the programs offers to the communities, children, and youths that are Christ centered. The benefits of our services look beyond current challenges to see a future of hope and purpose. Such benefits include educational performance, spiritual enhancement, life skills management and behavior change management for young people. The programs enrich kids in a safe, positive environment during high-risk hours. More personalized assessment and focused intervention. Motivational programs such as speech contest, spelling and math bees, college trips, UK speaking tour as we train the minds and disciple the hearts. Price Price is that which is given up in an exchange to acquire a good or service (Lamb, 2009 p. 559). Price can easily determine the value of the product or vice-versa. if customers perceive the price to be too high in relation to the benefits, they simply wont buy, which helps to lower demand; if they perceive the price to be too low, for the expected benefits or quality, demand also will suffer (Wood, 2011 p. 115). This suggests that the price is the deciding factor to create more demand for the service or supply. But in most cases, customers focus on the benefits of the service or product. Time also affect price especially in times of low inflation, business can increase profit margins only by increasing efficiency (Lamb, p 86 bright space article chapter 3) In this case, Urban Promise Wilmington, it offers free Afterschool program but there is still an element of price for some services. The free Afterschool program is one of the strategies to achieve its mission and against competitors. For example, College trips, children, and youths pay $10, summer camp each kid pay $25 which is used to buy summer T-shirt, and the field trip every Friday for six weeks. But parents are given options either to pay or not. To the customers who are parents, in this case, it might sound almost free when they consider the benefits. The price makes the services more valuable to the customers. On the other, the price is the essential weapon that can easily change the market system of the product easily (Lam, 2009). Though Urban Promise offers free services, but that does not really free as an organization. The organization suffers a lot to make sure it is working hard to fundraise in order to cover other costs that go for free to the customers. In fact, Urban Promise understands that families whom they work could not manage to pay for services if offer. Again its goal was to penetrate into the community with the gospel. Afterschool was indirectly used to offer other services to the young people. How is the program promoted in the inner city? Promotion Promotion is also called consumer-influencer strategies. Lamb (2009) defines promotions as communication by marketers that informs, persuades, and reminds potential buyers or customers of a product in order to influence their opinion or elicit a response (p.471). Product or service, price, and distribution can literally get into the market points or distribution but the questions still remain. How will the customer know about your products or, your newly established brand and organizations? This is the role of promotions which includes advertising; public relations which help people know you or the products and services (Levens, 2010). How does Urban Promise Wilmington inform, persuades, remind, and educates the customers? Urban Promise uses several ways to educate and inform its customers. In the first place, it uses annual events like Banquet. The Banquet serves three main important roles: fundraise, sell the programs, and invite people for partnership. The event each year brings together more than six hundred people from the different world of the corporate world and nonprofit. Secondly, Urban Promise partners with different churches. Churches have been a powerful tool in informing the mass about the programs offered by organizations. Thirdly, each year Urban Promise go for recruiting in Colleges around the world in its intern program. The organization has people from Finland, Scotland, Chile, and Africa and within states. People who have served with Urban Promise have promoted the organization to the height. Lastly, it also uses internet such as website (www.urbanpromisewilmington.org), blogs, press release, magazines, flyers, and Face book. Multiple ways of promotion in the organization, suggest that customers usually feel, sense, and taste differently on the same product. Promotion strategy is closely related to the process of communication. As human we assign meaning to feelings, ideas, facts, attitudes and emotions (Lamb, p.400 Marketing and communication article, bright space) Place or distribution Place or distribution is an essential part of marketing because without it, products arent available for customers to buy and profit is lost (Levens, 2010 p.152). Further, Levens define distribution as the process of delivering products and services to customers (p.150). We cannot discuss product without considering where the product will be distributed or shared with the customer. Any customer accesses our services through distribution points that are strategically defined. The Afterschool program at Urban Promise Wilmington targets Church-owned facilities as key points of distribution service. Why? The churches in the City of Wilmington are the main partners of Urban Promise which have more customers to buy our services. The Afterschool program is offered in the way that meets the mission of Urban Promise by making the bible the center for counseling. Free Afterschool program and considering the bible as the center for counseling distinguish Urban Promise from its competitors. Urban Promise serves 600 children and youths each year through Afterschool and summer programs. The organization understands that the needs for educational excellence for less privileged families. The programs are offered at the most critical hours from 2:30 pm up to 6:30 pm of which most parents at work. The main competitors are The YMCA, Simply Equal Education, Literacy Delaware, and Jewish Community Center of Delaware, Inc. The stated nonprofits also run similar programs in the same locations. The only different with Urban Promise is the free Afterschool program and focuses on sharing gospel message to the young people and grooms them to become reliable citizens of their families and communities at large. Conclusion The elements of the Market mix are interconnected and missing one can easily affect both the organization and customers. The market mix helps the organization to achieve its mission through well-coordinated market activities such as product, price, promotion, and place or distribution. Products or services are supposed to add good value to the customers. Products or services determine the market. Good product that meets customers needs and satisfaction are likely to fetch high demand. Sometimes the quality of products or services affects price either positive or negative. Customers are accustomed to knowing the benefits of products before they even consider the price. In addition, the products, and price are also determined by the place or distribution. The same products or services can be charged differently depending on the status of the place. Furthermore, the product, price, and place require promotion to inform and persuade the customer to buy the services. Therefore, the goal of the market mix is to meet the needs and satisfaction of the customer. References Lamb, C.W, Hair, J.F McDaniel (2009) Essential of marketing; South-Western, Cengage Learning, United States Levens, M (2010) Marketing: defined, explained, applied. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States Wood, M. B (2011, 4thEd) The Marketing plan; handbook, Pearson Prentice Hall, upper Saddle River, New Jersey www.urbanpromisewilmington.org Lamb, e-chapter13, (2009) Marketing and Advertising article https://eastern.brightspace.com/d2l/le/content/23621/viewContent/613432/View Lamb, e-chapter 3, (2009) Social responsibility, Ethics, Marketing and Environment article https://eastern.brightspace.com/d2l/le/content/23621/viewContent/613429/View

Alexander The Great :: essays research papers

Alexander the Great(Alexander III) (356-323 BC) â€Å"My son, ask for thyself another kingdom, for that which I leave is too small for thee.† (King Philip of Macedonia, 339 BC) From victory to victory, from triumph to triumph Alexander created an empire that marked history and brought him eternal glory. Alexander brought Greek ideas, culture and mentality to the conquered countries and assured expansion and domination of the Hellenistic Culture which together with the Roman Civilization and Christianity presents the fundaments of what is now called Western Civilization. -Born in Pella, Macedonia, 356 BC, parents were Olympias and Philip II (legends of Alex having gods for parents: Zeus and Olympias) Olympias supposedly is an ancestor of Achilles, While Philip’s is Hercules 12 yrs old: only child able to tame horse Buecephalus(Ox head), who would later carry him in all his conquests until his death in India(city of Buecephala) 13-16 yrs old taught by Aristotle 340 BC Philip goes on expedition to Byzantium, leaves Alexander, prince regent to rule Macedonia. During this time, Alexander conquered the Maedi, a troublesome Thracian tribe. Made Alexandropolis 337 BC Philip II is assassinated; Alexander takes over, not all approve of him -Only half Macedonian -Did not care, and proceeded to kill all allegedly linked to father’s murder 335 BC takes Thebes 334-333 BC Phrygia- cuts Gordian knot, which could only be undone by the man who was to rule Asia. Battle of Issus- Victory- Crushes Darius II of Persia Darius flees- left behind entire family, and tent filled with 3000 talents of gold (today in U.S.- 1.2 billion $) gains most of western Asia Minor 332- reaches Egypt, Egypt welcomes him as their great liberator Founded Alexandria 331- Battle of Arbela- crushed Darius again, Babylon recognizes Alexander as King of Asia Alexander enters Susa and Persepolis uncontested 329-328- defeated Scythians(nomads who had murdered Macedonians) at Jaxartes 327-326 Invasion of India – capture of Porus